In this report, three certification schemes operating in developing and transition economies are assessed. The first is third party certification for individuals, a well-known and internationally recognized certification system. The second scheme is also third party certification, in which small-scale farmers may be certified in groups under an Internal Control System (ICS). The third scheme corresponds to participatory certification called the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS), which targets local or national markets and involves the participation of small farmers, small enterprises, traders and consumers in the certification process.
The report provides a comparative analysis of the organizational structure and marketing strategies in the organic supply chain, gross margin analysis and the improved managerial skills required at the farm and supportive organization levels in the three schemes. Case studies were selected from organic grains for export, Basmati rice from India and jasmine rice from Thailand, which comply with the ICS; and organic vegetables and fruits for export and/or domestic markets in Hungary and Czech Republic, and for local markets in Brazil, in order to illustrate compliance with third party certification systems as individuals in the former cases and with PGS in the later.
You can dowmload the report at FAO Website [here].
